Student Study Notes: Referencing

STUDY TIPS

Referencing is essential in any essay where sources have been consulted and cited. Material 'lifted' from the work of others without acknowledgement is plagiarism. Two forms of references are used in an essay: Footnotes/Notes and Bibliography.

Footnotes or Notes are used to acknowledge:

the use of direct quotations
a summary of material from another source
the use of an idea or material from another source

If you prefer to use footnotes, consecutive superscript numbers should be used in the body of you essay, with the reference details listed at the bottom of the page. The first reference to a source must give all the information about the source: ie. author, title, place of publication, publisher, year, page no(s). Subsequent references to the same source are referred to in an abbreviated form (see example below). NOTE that the Author's initials come before the surname in footnotes. Also note that footnotes 5 and 6 include the title as well to distinguish items by the same author:

D. Aitken. Stability and change in Australian politics.
Canberra: ANU Press, 1977, p.2
M. Sawer. 'Women in Australian parliaments'.
Current Affairs Bulletin. 1982: 59, 1, p.4
Sawer, p.6
D. Aitken. The Country Party in New South Wales.
Canberra: ANU Press, 1977, p.18
Aitken. Stability and change. p.27
Aitken. The Country Party. p.38

If you prefer to use notes - the method known as the Harvard System - only the author's surname and year of publication (plus page reference if necessary) are written in brackets in the body of the text (see example below). NOTE that if the Author's name occurs in the actual text, it is not repeated in the brackets:

Wright (1969, p.408) comments that 'undoubtedly interviewer skill is directly related to the validity, quantity and quality of interview output', and this would suggest some sort of interviewer training is called for. Rowe (1960), for example, found that trained interviewers are better able to evaluate applicants with some measure of reliability and in a study carried out in 1973, it was found that be extensive interviewer training all significant contrast effects could be eliminated (Wexley, Sanders and Yuki, 1973).

A Bibliography lists information on the sources which were used in preparing your essay. The list is placed at the end of your essay (see example below):

'Ancient Rome'. World Book Encyclopaedia. Chicago: World Book, 1999, Vol.16, pp.436-449.

Cambridge Ancient History. Vol.9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Grant, M. (ed.) The birth of western civilisation. London: Thames & Hudson, 1964.

'Julius Caesar, I am not King but Caesar'. I, Caesar (video recording). Sydney: ABC, 1998.

Microsoft Ancient Lands (CD-ROM). Redmond: Microsoft Corporation, 1994.

Shakespeare, W. Julius Caesar (sound recording). New York: Caedmon, 1985.

Sirianni, F.A. 'Caesar's peace overtures to Pompey'. l'Antiquite Classique. lxii, 1993, pp.219-237.

Warlow, A. Who was Julius Caesar?. Hove: Wayland, 1997.

Books are listed as follows:

Name of author (or editor) in alphabetical order by surname first, followed by initials. Note: if three or more authors, include only the first author and then the phrase et al
The title of the book which is underlined
The volume number (if applicable)
The place of publication, the publisher and the date of publication, in that order

EXAMPLES (one author):
Warlow, A. Who was Julius Caesar?. Hove: Wayland, 1997.

(more than two author):
Carrucan, Tony et al. The Internet manual for teachers: access skills and curriculum strategies. South Melbourne: Macmillan, 1996.

(an editor):
Grant, M. (ed.) The birth of western civilisation. London: Thames & Hudson, 1964.

(an organisation, government department or authority):
Human Rights Commission. Human rights: a handbook. Canberra: AGPS, 1983.

(no author):
Cambridge Ancient History. Vol.9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

NOTE that the list should be organised first alphabetically by author, and then chronologically for items by the same author.

Articles are treated a little differently:

Author's name (as for books)
The title of the article in single inverted commas
The name of the periodical which is underlined
The volume, the number, the date of issue and the pages occupied by the article

EXAMPLES (Encyclopaedia article):
'Ancient Rome'. World Book Encyclopaedia. Chicago: World Book, 1999, Vol.16, pp.436-449.

(Periodical article):
Sirianni, F.A. 'Caesar's peace overtures to Pompey'. l'Antiquite Classique. lxii, 1993, pp.219-237.

Audio-visual materials are listed as follows:

Author's name (as for books)
Title
Format in brackets (eg. video, audio, slides)
Place of manufacture
Name of manufacturer
Date of manufacture

EXAMPLES (Audio):
Shakespeare, W. Julius Caesar (sound recording). New York: Caedmon, 1985.

(CD-ROM):
Microsoft Ancient Lands (CD-ROM). Redmond: Microsoft Corporation, 1994.

(Kits):
Garner, G.G. The tomb of Tutankhamen (kit). Melbourne: Australian Institute of Archaeology, 198?.

(Visual):
'Julius Caesar, I am not King but Caesar'. I, Caesar (video recording). Sydney: ABC, 1998.

Check that you have the basic elements of an Internet reference:

Author's last name, followed by first name
Title of the document
Address (URL)
Date when written
Date when it was accessed

For example:
Ashmawy, Alaa. "The seven wonders of the ancient world".
http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders (1995) (Accessed 5 May 1997).